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martes, 22 de marzo de 2016

Summer Rain


SUMMER RAIN

      The worst days of any summer are the rainy ones. We spend all year looking forward to nice weather and long, hot days. All of winter, with its dreary gray days and bitter cold, we dream of those endless days at the beach, laying on the sand and soaking in the bright and burning sun. And then, summer comes, and it rains. As a child, I would wake up to rainy summer days and come close to crying. It wasn’t fair. We suffered through months of school and miserable weather for those scant ten weeks of freedom and balmy weather. Any day that I could not spend at the beach or playing ball with my friends seemed like a punishment for something I didn’t even do. On those rainy summer days, I had nothing fun to do and could only sit inside, staring out at the rain like a Dickensian orphan. I was an only child, so there was no one else to play with. My father worked from home, so I was not truly alone, but he could not actively play with me since he was technically at work. It was those days that I would resign myself to whatever was on television or any books that I could find lying around. I’d crawl through the day and pray each night that the rain would not be there the next day. As an adult, though, my opinion of summer rain has changed. When you have to work every day, summer is not as eagerly anticipated. Mostly, the days run together, bleeding into each other so that they no longer seem like separate entities and instead feel like continuations of the same long day. Everything seems monotonous and dull, and an ennui or listlessness kicks in. Such a mindset makes you cheer for anything new or different. I spend the winter dreaming of summer and the summer dreaming of winter. When summer comes, I complain about how hot it is. And then I look forward to the rain, because the rain brings with it a cold front, which offers a reprieve—admittedly one that is all too short—from the torture of 100° and humid days. Rainy days are still the worst days of the summer, but summer rain today means positively beautiful—and considerably cooler—weather tomorrow.


1) The passage makes use of language that is

A. metaphorical
B. rhetorical
C. formal
D. ambiguous


2) According to the passage, summer is different for adults because

A. rain brings with it cold temperatures for the following days 
B. the weather is much warmer than it is for children 
C. they do not get a long time off from work for the season 
D. they better know how to occupy their downtime


3) According to the passage, which of the following is a true statement about the narrator as a child?

A. He or she was often bored on summer days. 
B. He or she preferred cooler weather. 
C. He or she liked staying indoors. 
D. He or she had no siblings.

Tools of persuasion


TOOLS OF PERSUASION

Persuasion is the art of convincing someone to agree with your point of view. According to the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle, there are three basic tools of persuasion: ethos, pathos, and logos. Ethos is a speaker’s way of convincing the audience that she is a credible source. An audience will consider a speaker credible if she seems trustworthy, reliable, and sincere. This can be done in many ways. For example, a speaker can develop ethos by explaining how much experience or education she has in the field. After all, you would be more likely to listen to advice about how to take care of your teeth from a dentist than a firefighter. A speaker can also create ethos by convincing the audience that she is a good person who has their best interests at heart. If an audience cannot trust you, you will not be able to persuade them. Pathos is a speaker’s way of connecting with an audience’s emotions. For example, a speaker who is trying to convince an audience to vote for him might say that he alone can save the country from a terrible war. These words are intended to fill the audience with fear, thus making them want to vote for him. Similarly, a charity organization that helps animals might show an audience pictures of injured dogs and cats. These images are intended to fill the viewers with pity. If the audience feels bad for the animals, they will be more likely to donate money. Logos is the use of facts, information, statistics, or other evidence to make your argument more convincing. An audience will be more likely to believe you if you have data to back up your claims. For example, a commercial for soap might tell you that laboratory tests have shown that their soap kills all 7,000,000 of the bacteria living on your hands right now. This piece of information might make you more likely to buy their brand of soap. Presenting this evidence is much more convincing than simply saying “our soap is the best!” Use of logos can also increase a speaker’s ethos; the more facts a speaker includes in his argument, the more likely you are to think that he is educated and trustworthy. Although ethos, pathos, and logos all have their strengths, they are often most effective when they are used together. Indeed, most speakers use a combination of ethos, pathos, and logos to persuade their audiences. The next time you listen to a speech, watch a commercial, or listen to a friend try to convince you to lend him some money, be on the lookout for these ancient Greek tools of persuasion.


1) As used in paragraph 2, what is the best antonym for credible?

A. unintelligent
B. boring
C. dishonest
D. amazing


2) Amy is trying to convince her mother to buy her a pair of $200 shoes. She says: “Mom, the shoes I have are really old and ugly. If I don’t get these new shoes, everyone at school is going to laugh at me. I will be so embarrassed that I will want to die.” What form of persuasion is Amy using here?

A. pathos
B. ethos
C. logos
D. a combination of ethos, pathos, and logos

lunes, 21 de marzo de 2016

Feelings


Expressing Feelings


Sometimes you will need to express an emotion such as joy or sorrow to the person you're talking to. This page will list the different ways of expressing feelings in English.

Asking about Feelings

To ask about feelings you can use the following questions:
  • How are you feeling today?
  • You look sad / upset. Are you OK?
  • You seem a little bit distracted. Are you alright?
  • You seem kind of low today. What's wrong?
  • You seem a little blue today. What's the matter?
  • What's wrong?
  • What's the matter?
  • Are you OK / alright?
  • Are you happy / angry...?
  • Is everything OK / alright...?

Expressing Feelings

To respond to a question about feelings you can uss the following expressions.
  • I feel a little sad / happy / angry / ....
  • I am a little sad / happy / angry / ....
  • To be honest, I'm a little bit sad / happy / angry / ....
  • It's been a difficult day.
  • The thing is that, I am angry / sad / ...
  • I am mad at him / her..

Vocabulary about feelings

  • sad / unhappy
  • feel blue
  • feel low / down
  • depressed
  • downhearted
  • angry
  • cross
  • annoyed
  • irritated
  • mad
  • furious
  • vexed
  • indignant
  • irate
  • seething

Expressing condolence


Expressing condolence


Sometimes you will have to sympathize with a person who has experienced pain or grief for the loss of someone dear to them. This page presents some of the phrases that you can use to express condolence in English.

How to express condolence in English

Expressing condolence:
  • I am deeply sorry to hear about the death of ...
  • I am really sorry to hear about the death of ...
  • I was heartbroken by the sad news.
  • Words can't express the sadness I feel about...
  • Words fall short of expressing my sadness.
  • Let me express my sorrow for the loss of...
  • Please accept our heartfelt condolences.
  • We will never forget....
  • We will always remember...
  • We will sadly miss...
  • Sorry, I am at a loss for words to express my sadness.



Shopping


Shopping expressions


These are expressions used when you go shopping:
  • Can / may I help you?
  • Can I try it / them on?
  • What size do you wear? What size are you?
  • What color would you like?
  • Extra small, small, medium, large, extra large
  • How does it fit?
  • Where is the changing room?
  • How would you like to pay?
  • Can I pay by credit card / in cash?


Shopping for a T-shirt

A: Can I help you?
B: Yes, I'm looking for a T-shirt.
A: What size are you?
B: I'm a medium.
A: What color would you like?
B: A blue one.
A: Here you are.
B: Thank you. Can I try it on?
A: Certainly, the changing room is over there.
B: Thank you.
A: How does it fit?
B: It's fantastic. I like it.
A: Yes it looks nice on you.
B: Thank you. I'll buy it.
A: OK, how would you like to pay?
B: Do you take credit cards?
B: Yes, we do.
A: OK, here's my credit card.
B: Thank you. Have a nice day!
A: Thank you, goodbye.

Asking & giving directions


Asking about and giving directions


To ask about directions use these questions:
  • How can I get to . . . from here?
  • How can I get to . . . ?
  • Can you show me the way to...?
  • Can you tell me how to get to . . . ?
  • Where is . . . ?
  • What's the best way to get to . . . ?

Giving directions

To give directions use these expressions:
  • Go straight on
  • Turn left/right
  • Take the first (turning) to the left/right.
  • Go past the restaurant/school...
  • The ... is beside/in front of/next to...the....

Apologizing


Apologizing


To apologize is to tell someone that you are sorry for having done something that has caused him inconvenience or unhappiness:
Examples:
 I must apologize to Isabel for my late arrival.
 I'd like to apologize for my trouble making.
Trains may be subject to delay on the northern line. We apologize for any inconvenience caused.
Here are some expressions you can use to make and respond to apologies

Making apologies:

  • I do apologize for...
  • I must apologize for...
  • I apologize for...
  • I'd like to apologize for...
  • I am so sorry for...
  • I shouldn't have...
  • It's all my fault.
  • I'm ashamed of...
  • Please, forgive me for...
  • Excuse me for ...
  • I'm terribly sorry for...
  • Pardon me for this...
  • Please, forgive me for my....
  • Please, accept my apologies for...

Accepting apologies:

  • That's all right.
  • Never mind.
  • Don't apologize.
  • It doesn't matter.
  • Don't worry about it.
  • Don't mention it.
  • That's OK.
  • I quite understand.
  • You couldn't help it.
  • Forget about it.
  • Don't worry about it.
  • No harm done.

Remember:

"I'd like to apologize" is the short form of "I would like to apologize"